UNDERSTAND THE TAPE

Every insider transaction gets filed on a Form 4 within two business days. Most investors ignore them. Here's exactly what each field means and what to pay attention to.

One insider buying is interesting. Three buying in the same month is a signal worth paying attention to. Here's why cluster buying is one of the most reliable patterns in the data.

The data is public. The filings are free. So why don't more investors use it? Because raw Form 4s are a mess to parse. Here's a practical framework for turning the signal into a process.

Most coverage conflates two very different things. Here is what makes insider trading illegal, what makes it legal, and how the legal kind becomes a usable investment signal.

A step-by-step process for screening SEC Form 4 filings to find stocks where executives and directors are buying with their own money. What filters to apply and what to skip.

What does a genuine cluster buy signal actually look like in Form 4 data? A worked example with scoring, plus a side-by-side comparison of a real cluster vs a stock plan false positive.

Analyst upgrades move stocks immediately. Insider buying moves them slowly. The research on which signal is actually more predictive over 6 to 12 months, and how to use both together.

Congress has been required to publicly disclose stock trades since 2012. Here is what the law covers, how the filings work, and why the data creates a signal that investors can actually track.

A practical guide to filtering STOCK Act disclosures for meaningful signals, understanding what makes a congressional trade worth paying attention to, and combining it with corporate insider data.

Both STOCK Act filings and SEC Form 4s reveal what informed people are doing with their money. Here is how the two signals differ, where each one is most reliable, and what it means when they agree.